Bible-Based & Christ-Centred

Posted on August 28, 2023September 5, 2023 by Bible-based & Christ-centred

How can I get started reading and studying the Bible?

Often people ask, how they can get started reading and studying the Bible. For anyone reading the Bible for the first time the initial experience may be one of feeling overwhelmed, challenged or even at a loss. While such scenarios may be common, this need not be so. Admittedly, while the Bible is complex, due to its nature – as God’s Word – as well as written by various authors, at different times to a unique target group using a specific style or genre, there is hope. The reason for this is that the Bible is about Jesus Christ. More specifically, His plan for salvation of all mankind, which He accomplished for us on the cross. That way, by faith in Him alone and His fully completed work to atone for our sins, He invites us into a personal relationship with Himself. Jesus is the Word of God (John 1:1) and He has given us His Word (2 Timothy 3:16), namely the Bible, a.k.a. ‘Scripture.’ Since Christ is the only way to heaven (John 14:6; 15:5) – having been confirmed by God Himself through His resurrection – we should not only read the Bible, but also study it. The purpose of this article is to help in both areas, with an emphasis on providing some basic input and tips for study.

So, let us look at how we can begin to study the Bible. First, we need a proper Bible translation. While there are many English translations out there, not all are equally good, since some are distorted or even falsified. Thus, to get started, a good translation true to God’s Word is the KJV, NASB, ESV or NLT (a paraphrase). The combination of several such translations may be best suited depending on the goal. For a serious student comparing and contrasting different verses, chapters and books in the Bible using such a combined effort – can prove to be insightful and fruitful.

Second, once we have a valid translation we should make this a dedicated and focused effort, since we are dealing with God’s holy Word. So at the very least having a quiet place, undisturbed by any distractions such as mobile, radio or TV – in a specific location – will help us in an effort of devoted and regular (daily) reading. Before we begin, we are wise to take a humble posture and pray for God to help us and guide us. You can use your own prayer, or the sample prayer provided at the end of the article (1). Why is this important? The reason is simple – God wants us to be humble, not prideful (Isaiah 66:2) and is mainly interested in our disposition of heart (Psalm 119:18). In that way, God not only honours our efforts, but also helps us to ‘listen’ to what He has to say to us, as we enter a personal relationship with Him. Reading and listening (with our hearts) is what He desires (Psalm 20:4), commands us to do (Joshua 1:8-9) and in that way can help us in ways we cannot even begin to grasp on our own (Isaiah 55:8-9).

Third, so where and how to begin? Well, why not begin anywhere or somewhere? Start by reading and learning about Jesus in the book of John. Reread the same book again. Highlight or write out some verses that stand out. Keep a journal at hand, and collect specific questions you may have as you read. Take notes, make annotations about people, places and events you encounter along the way. Why not read an Old Testament (OT) book, like Genesis? Or learn about Moses in Exodus? You may even begin with a Pauline letter (e.g. Ephesians, Romans, Galatians) or any other New Testament (NT) book. Whatever you read, realize that you are never alone, since Jesus Christ is always with you – and for you (Hebrews 13:5-6) through the third Person of the Trinity, the Holy Spirit.

Fourth, read the Bible with a method to help you interpret the Bible text. A method is an approach people can take in order to assist explaining a particular subject. Among the major ones are a scientific, a historical and an inductive approach. The latter one, is among the more commonly used, and is the focus here. There are three key parts to consider in studying a Bible passage – namely an observation, an interpretation and an application (2).

The first key (observation) asks – what does a passage say? The second key (interpretation) asks – what does the passage mean? The last key (application) asks – what will I (as reader) do about what a passage says it means, i.e. how can it be applied?

Using the first key of a Bible study, we must take great care here, since our observation is the initial and most important part of studying Scripture. Read your selected passage once in one go. Then, read it again, however, with as much care and detail as possible. Start off (but not end there) asking several basic questions – “Who,” “What,” “When,” “Where,” “Why,” and “How” – these are the five W’s plus and H. To put it differently, identify who is saying what, when (at a given moment in time), where (determine where the event is taking place), why (for what reason is someone doing or not doing something) and how (how did an event occur, how did it happen, and how is this written).

Depending on the passage, the H. is not always easy (if even) to identify, since the context has to be established. Since all Bible texts are contextual this poses a challenge, as well as providing a reward when we do discover it. You may not be able to answer all basic questions – and that is okay – but answer as many as you can. That way, you will have a solid point of departure, which will help you, especially as you make reading and studying a habit. Regularly engaging God’s Word is the best way to go.

A few more thoughts on the first step are in order. Remember, that the Bible is made up using a basic threefold literary form: prose (OT history, Gospels and Acts), poetry (Psalms) and discourse (the epistles, a.k.a. letters). Some Bible texts combine these three (such as Revelation) and the NT often quotes the OT. On top of that, look out for what is said and how. Hereby, note that words in Scripture at times carry multiple meanings. By contrast a ‘term’ is a word used in a fixed way, given a particular context. To illustrate, the word baptism is used in various instances and contexts, yet it is rendered differently (Matthew 3:11; 3:13-17; 28:18-20; Mark 16:16; Acts 2:38).

Also, the quantity of verses or chapters focusing on a particular topic illustrate its significance, e.g. Romans 9 emphasises those Jewish people who have rejected Christ. Likewise, an author may use repetition to stress an important topic or theme. As such,1 Corinthians 13 reveals the importance the author places on the word “love” which he repeats nine times, making it the chapter’s main theme. Furthermore, an author may use a comparison to contrast the difference between people or things. So in Ephesians 4:13-14 we see a good example of this as growing into mature faith as its theme, is expressed by the author who contrasts children with manhood.

Additionally, the author may convey a literary atmosphere by means of creating an underlying tone, mood or urgency. As an example, when we look at Matthew 3 – taking into account the aforementioned theme of baptism – and its repetition in the chapter, the author creates an atmosphere and mood of expectancy. This builds up to a climax fulfilled in Christ’s baptism at the end of the chapter, culminating in God Himself affirming Jesus Christ as His beloved Son. Along with this, the Bible is structured into distinct units, called paragraphs (complete units of thought). We can discover the author’s main idea once we understand every paragraph.

Lastly, there are specific connections between ideas. In that way such connections establish special relationships evident in the text. Some prominent examples are simile, metaphor, personification, anthropomorphism, symbolism, metonymy, synecdoche, hyperbole, irony, oxymoron, repetition, rhetorical question. (3) Having completed the first key – observation – you are ready to go further and use the second key, namely interpretation.

Interpretation of a specific text is often called hermeneutics. For Biblical interpretation, the best basic approach is to take a text as literal as possible. The reason for this is that we are dealing with real people, actual events and things that God did – first and foremost through Jesus Christ – and attempts to allegorize Adam and Eve, or the Prophet Jonah for example, are violations of God’s Word (Revelation 22:18-19), since they do not keep biblical inerrancy, and must be avoided.

With this as a point of encouragement, not discouragement, in this step we are establishing what a passage means. With our completed observations, we are now ready to find out, what the author (the creator of the text) wants to convey as main thought. In order to do this we must consider the context (which, as seen earlier, can be challenging). However, a helpful way to go about this is to look at the immediate context within a passage, i.e. the verse preceding it and the verse following it. Also, looking at the greater context, i.e. the paragraph or chapter following the passage under scrutiny, can be an asset to establish the authors main point(s). A good example here is John 3:16-21.

Also, the use of cross-references, namely Scripture interpreting Scripture can assist us in studying our passage. This is a bit more involved, and should be done with care, since an identical word, phrase or term in different passages can have a unique meaning. Nevertheless, with some practice over time, this can be very rewarding, since with God’s help, in this way we can unlock most of the Bible. In tandem with cross-referencing, is the need to understand the author’s socio-cultural context as we interpret it. The challenge here is not to immediately discard the theology or teaching, but create an awareness of the time a text was written. Again, this takes practice and dedicated focus – and even if we may not understand everything – there is plenty that God can help us with and wants us to understand. That is why we also refer to the Bible as His ‘living’ Word.

With these considerations of context, cross-referencing and a specific socio-cultural setting, it is possible to formulate a preliminary response, or temporary conclusion of what a passage means. Since a passage may contain several paragraphs read all those parts as well, so you do not miss the big picture. Here, you may also consider valid Bible-based, Christ-centred commentaries (4) (5) or a study Bible (6).

Having completed your observation and interpretation, you are now ready for the third and last step – application. How does this passage apply to my life? Our goal, as followers of Christ is to obey Him and become more like Him. This is the main reason we read and study the Bible, so that we can apply Scriptural truth to our lives. Thus, here several questions to ask are, how does this revealed truth – impact my relationship with God, affect my relationship with others, influence me, and help me in my response to the enemy, Satan? Applying God’s Word to your life may appear challenging, but it is not only doable (Matthew 19:26), but also critical for growing in your personal relationship with Christ.

To sum it all up – as revealed in the forgoing four parts – use one (or several) good Bible translations, find a secure quiet place, undisturbed time and space to study, read regularly and be open to explore unfamiliar parts of Scripture. Likewise, reread the passages, chapters and complete Bible books, as you study God’s Word meticulously and with a method (such as an inductive approach, as outlined).

There are many free resources available on the internet – some better than others – and in some cases you may want to invest in an additional hardcopy or eBook of helpful sources and study tools. Thereby, for applied theology you may consider a Bible with practical notes (7), also for getting a better insight on Scripture as whole, consider biblical theology (8) and a solid source on systematic theology (9) as well as a compact guide to all the distinct features of the Bible (10) along with a handy theological dictionary (11).

As said, commentaries come in all shapes and forms, and the Matthew Henry commentary is among the best free commentaries online (12). If you can and do want to invest in a commentary on a specific book, John F. Evans (13) has assembled an excellent evangelical commentary resource guide you can purchase, listing in his book the top three or four choices. Also, investing in a chronological Bible (14), topical Bible (15), a Bible atlas (16), or selecting a free concordance (17) can help you, too. The best Bible software to date, Logos (18), is useful, yet it comes at a significant price, and is only recommended for a computer savvy Bible student.

Finally, keep asking questions for which you are seeking answers. The most important ones have already been answered in the Bible – more specifically, in and through the life and work of Jesus Christ. Getting started may be challenging, but once you dig deeper, read and learn, you are most likely going to enjoy what you discover and be able to apply it to your everyday life. May God bless and reward you richly as you actively engage reading and studying the Bible.

Notes

(1) Sample prayer: “Heavenly Father, I thank you that that through your Son Jesus Christ, you have revealed to men and women. Guide and help me by your Holy Spirit as I start this work. Keep me from pride, and help me to humbly think about you. Protect me from falsehood, grant me discernment, that I may be an effective servant in building your church. I praise you in your glory and grace – in Jesus Christ – through whom we have new life by His death and resurrection. Thank you. In Jesus name, I pray. Amen.

(2) Adapted from “How to Study the Bible – 3 Simple Steps.” Accessed March 27, 2023.

https://www.biblestudytools.com/bible-study/tips/3-simple-steps-for-studying-the-bible.html

(3) See glossary for common descriptions with examples of literary devices used in Scripture.

(4) Matthew Henry’s six volume Complete Commentary, Originally written in 1706, provides an exhaustive look at every verse in the Bible. It is freely available online at: https://www.biblestudytools.com/commentaries/matthew-henry-complete/

(5) Evans, John F. A Guide to Biblical Commentaries and Reference Works. 10th ed. Grand Rapids MI: Zondervan, 2016.

(6) Two sources here are helpful: First is: Carson, D. A. ed. NIV Zondervan Study Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2015. Second is: Grudem, Wayne, ed. The ESV Study Bible. Wheaton, Ill: Crossway, 2008.

(7) Stanley, Charles F. The Charles F. Stanley Life Principles Bible. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2017.

(8) Hamilton, James M. What Is Biblical Theology?: A Guide to the Bible’s Story Symbolism and Patterns. Wheaton Illinois: Crossway, 2014.

(9) Grudem, Wayne A. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2000.

(10) Fee, Gordon D., and Douglas K. Stuart. How to Read the Bible for All Its Worth: A

Guide to Understanding the Bible, 4th ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2014.

(11) Erickson, Millard J. The Concise Dictionary of Christian Theology. Wheaton, IL.: Crossway Books, 2001.

(12) See (4).

(13) See (5).

(14) Nelson, Thomas. NIV Chronological Study Bible. Nashville, TN: Thomas Nelson, 2014.

(15) Nave’s Topical Bible is available free online here: https://www.naves-topical-bible.com

(16) Rasmussen, Carl. Zondervan Atlas of the Bible (Rev. ed). Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2010.

(17) Strong’s exhaustive concordance is the most complete, easy-to-use, and understandable concordance for studying the original languages of the Bible. It is available free online here: https://biblehub.com/strongs/greek/1.htm

(18) Logos Software is at: https://www.logos.com

Sources for advanced Study

Blomberg, Craig L. A Handbook of New Testament Exegesis. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2010.

Carson D. A. Exegetical Fallacies. 2nd ed. Carlisle U.K. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1996.

Stuart, Douglas K. Old Testament Exegesis: A Handbook for Students and Pastors. 4th ed. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2009.

Amen.

Always remember, the best Bible, is an open Bible!

Amen.

Glossary

Anthropomorphism

A type of personification attributing human characteristics (such as emotions, human actions, or physical characteristics) to God. Examples: “Your right hand delivers me.” (Psalm 138:7). Another example: “And the Lord was sorry that He had made man on the earth, and He was grieved in His heart.” (Genesis 6:6).

Bible (aka. Scripture)

Neither Jews nor Christians originally called their Scriptures “the Bible” (lit., “the Book”). Jews often used words signifying “the Scrolls,” and Christians did call their Scriptures “the Books” (lit., “the codices”). In the early centuries, the Christian Bible appeared almost exclusively in the form of codex fascicles, each containing either one of the larger books (e.g., Isaiah) or a collection of smaller books (Paul’s Letters), so the Scriptures physically corresponded to Lat. bibli., “the books” (cf. Jerome: bibliotheca, lit., “the library”). The term derives from bublos or bublion, loanwords from Egyptian, denoting originally the stalk and, then, the inner pitch of the papyrus plant from which scrolls were commonly made. The Bible contains 66 Books – Old Testament Books (39 total) plus New Testament Books (27 total).

Hyperbole

The use of exaggeration for emphasis or rhetorical effect. Two examples: “Also the king made silver and gold as common in Jerusalem as stones.” (2 Chronicles 1:15). And also: “The Pharisees therefore said among themselves, “You see that you are accomplishing nothing. Look, the world has gone after Him!” (John 12:19).

Inerrancy

Meaning “without error.” Typically used to describe Scripture as without error. The Bible is inspired and inerrant. The former term means that God moved through the writers to communicate to us the words which God wanted us to hear. The latter means that all that is written in the inspired documents is without error. Inspiration and inerrancy apply to the original writings, not to the copies. Thus, it is the original writings that are without error. Inspiration comes from God and when He inspired the Bible, it was perfect. Our copies of the original documents are not perfect, due to identifiable scribal error, but they are very close to being so.

Irony

A speaker using language opposing the meaning he is intending to convey, often as sarcasm or mockery. Example: “It came about at noon, that Elijah mocked them and said, “Call out with a loud voice, for he is a god; either he is occupied or gone aside, or is on a journey, or perhaps he is asleep and needs to be awakened.” (1 Kings 18:27)

Metaphor

A figure of speech making a comparison between two seemingly different things. Example: “And the tongue is a fire, a world of iniquity.” (James 3:6). And also: “The Lord is my shepherd.” (Psalm 23:1).

Metonymy

Type of metaphor in which something – either concrete or conceptual – is not identified by its own name, but by a name of something closely associated with it. Using one noun to represent another noun. Examples: “I will give peace in the land, and you shall lie down, and none will make you afraid; I will rid the land of evil beasts, and the sword will not go through your land.” (Leviticus 26:6). Another example: “And I have the keys of Hades and of Death.” (Revelation 1:18).

Oxymoron

An oxymoron is two words or phrases put together that appear to contradict each other. Example: “But the king said to Araunah, “No, but I will buy it from you for a price. I will not offer burnt offerings to the Lord my God that cost me nothing.” So David bought the threshing floor and the oxen for fifty shekels of silver.” (2 Samuel 24:24)

Personification

Attributing human characteristics or qualities to a non-human object (as a rhetorical device for abstract ideas, inanimate things, and usually, the divine). Examples: “Wisdom calls aloud outside; She raises her voice in the open squares. She cries out in the chief concourses at the openings of the gates in the city she speaks her words.” (Proverbs 1:20-21). And also: “The ground is in mourning.” (Joel 1:10).

Repetition

Repeating the same words or phrases in order to get a point across or emphasizing an idea. Words and Phrases – example: “You will keep in peace peace.” – Isaiah 26:3. The Hebrew word for perfect in Isaiah 26:3 is Shalom; interesting enough the Hebrew word for peace is also Shalom. Another example: “…Truly, truly I say to you, before Abraham was born, I am.” (John 8:58 NASB). Sentences and Paragraphs – example: “It is not what enters the mouth that defiles the person, but what comes out of the mouth, this defiles the person.” (Matthew 15:11 NASB). Scenes and Stories examples occur frequently in books, like Kings, Chronicles and in the gospels. The same story is told several times, describing it from different perspectives, yet it remains one and the same event. An example here is the ‘feeding of the five thousand’ – the only miracle by Jesus recorded in all four gospels: Matthew 14:13-21, Mark 6:31-44, Luke 9:12-17, and John 6:1-14. Word-based repetition is complemented by motifs and themes, i.e. specific ideas or images. There are numerous motifs of this kind in the Bible, so just to mention two examples – Samson and the motif of fire (Judges 14:15; 15:4; 16:9) and water as theme in the gospel of John, chapters 1-5.

Rhetorical Question

Rhetorical questions are a figure of speech in which a question is asked without an answer expected. Rhetorical questions require the hearer to consider a message, viewpoint, or arrive at a conclusion. The author is making an argument by posing a question. Proverbs 6:27–29 provides examples of rhetorical questions: “Can a man carry fire next to his chest and his clothes not be burned? Or can one walk on hot coals and his feet not be scorched? So is he who goes in to his neighbor’s wife; none who touches her will go unpunished” (Prov 6:27–29 ESV). Another example: “Are you acquainted with the way the mountain goats give birth?” – Job 39:1

Simile

A figure of speech in which a comparison is made between two seemingly unlike things using “like” or “as.” Example: “He is like a tree planted by flowing streams.” – Psalm 1:3.

Another Example: “His countenance was like lightning, and his clothing as white as snow.” – Matthew 28:3.

Symbolism

The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities, providing meaning or character to something. Denoting moral or spiritual truth, implied or explicit in the text. Examples: “For seven days you must eat bread made without yeast, symbolic of affliction.” (Deuteronomy 16:3). And another one: “Then I stood on the sand of the sea. And I saw a beast rising up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and on his horns ten crowns, and on his heads a blasphemous name.” (Revelation 13:1).

Synecdoche

A figure of speech where a part represents the whole. Example: “For we do not wrestle against flesh and blood.” (Ephesians 6:12).

For further reading and study

Arthur, Kay. David Arthur and Pete De Lacy. How to Study Your Bible. Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 2013.

Herrick, Greg. “How to Study the Bible: For Beginners.” Accessed, March 27, 2023.

https://bible.org/series/how-study-bible-beginners

“How to Study the Bible – 3 Simple Steps.” Accessed, March 27, 2023.

https://www.biblestudytools.com/bible-study/tips/3-simple-steps-for-studying-the-bible.html

Wald, Oletta. The Joy of Discovery in Bible Study. Rev. ed. Minneapolis, MN: Augsburg Pub. House, 1975.

Posted on August 28, 2023September 5, 2023 by Bible-based & Christ-centred

What is a good Bible translation?

What is a good Bible Translation?

People often ask what a good Bible translation is. This is an important question and should not be simply ignored or dismissed. While there exist many languages in the world (over six thousand), there are likewise many translations of the Bible in existence (about three thousand), with a major variety in English. Not all are good in the sense of being true to God’s revealed Word, and unfortunately, some are not even translations at all, but man-made falsifications.

Also, it is important to understand that one of the challenges legitimate English translations have is that they have been developed over time as a result of different transmission processes. In that way, the Old Testament (OT) and New Testament (NT) are the result of different processes, that are renditions of the originating languages, namely Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic. Adding to this complexity is the fact that the initial texts of the biblical writers are no longer available in their original form. However, what is helpful to consider is that the great majority of the Bible is textually secure (above 90 percent for the OT and above 99 percent for the NT). This is far beyond any other document or source from the ancient world, and is just one of many aspects that make the Bible unique, and have no impact whatsoever – on its message – namely the “Good News” (the Gospel of Christ).

The focus of this article is to consider Bible-based, Christ-centred English translations that are true to God’s Word and can be grouped into three broad categories – formally equivalent (“literal”), balanced or ‘optimal’ equivalent (“combined”) and dynamically equivalent (“functional”) translations. The purpose is to look at advantages and disadvantages of all three and provide a few suggestions on selecting a sound Bible translation.

Starting with the “literal” translations, which preserve form and structure of the original text, legitimate options include the King James Version (KJV), New King James Version (NKJV), New American Standard Bible (NASB), and the English Standard Version (ESV). The KJV is over 400 years old, and has been revised and updated over time. It is among the most accurate versions available to date, and its textual base remains unchanged. Among the advantages of the KJV are its word-by-word approach, its concise word choice, word order and grammar, its unique flow and poetic use of English. Challenges, not necessarily disadvantages, are its use of archaic English (requiring the use of a good dictionary), its uniform double-column layout and unfamiliar vocabulary.

Given this last point the KJV may not be the best option for a non-native English reader. However, this should not be a reason for at least giving it a try. The NKJV may be a better choice, since it uses more contemporary words, while still retaining the original meaning. The NASB is among the most literal modern translations available (updated in 1995 and 2020) and reads well, providing clarity and authority. A challenge here is the unnatural and at times awkward flow of the words, along with some outdated words one has to look up.

For those seeking an alternative to aforementioned versions, the ESV may be a good choice, since it is still close enough to the KJV. It is more literal, well-readable and can be helpful to memorize favourite Bible verses. A possible challenge is that it intentionally preserves ambiguity found in the original and that way invites any serious student to enjoy God’s Word, without being misled or exposed to unnecessary fallibility.

Moving on to the so-called ‘balanced’ or ‘optimal equivalent’ versions, legitimate translations include the popular New International Version (NIV), Common English Bible (CEB) and the Holman Christian Standard Bible (HCSB). At this time, the NIV (first appearing in 1978) is among the best-selling modern translations. However, popularity does not make something the best choice. There has been controversy over it, despite several revisions, still leaving room for improvement, due to emendations – that is, modifications of a translation without textual support. This is risky, since it can impact sound theological doctrine, in part as a result of a secular, man-made translation philosophy and theory-based text linguistic language model. As such, it is closer to a “functional” translation, while containing unnecessary rewording and interpretation. Nevertheless, it is still legitimate and has going for it good readability and a helpful concordance.

For teaching, preaching and serious study the NIV is not the best option. Here, the CEB is a possible alternative – a completely new translation – shortening words by merging and using more ordinary or familiar phrases, staying close to the meaning of the text. Unfortunately, there are gender-neutral pronouns, which are unnecessary and remove the biblical text from what the original writers intended to convey. So lastly, in this category the HCSB strives for readability, keeps a traditional theological vocabulary along with footnotes to maintain clarity, making it an option, yet less accurate than the CEB. Overall, as seen here, this translation category reveals challenges and issues – both in its method and rendering – that a reader need not contend with.

Finally, considering the third category, namely the “functional” (dynamically equivalent) versions, the emphasis is on clarity (less on grammar and syntax) while being true to the meaning of the text. Here we are considering the Good News Bible (GNB), Contemporary English Version (CEV), New Century Version (NCV) and the New Living Translation (NLT), a legitimate paraphrase.

The GNB is an expansion of the Today’s English Version (TEV) going back to 1966 by the United Bible Societies (UBS). Advantages of this version are a simple transparent style helping people to understand the most difficult passages accomplished by simplifying words. A disadvantage are interpretational outworkings that challenge traditional renderings. The CEV, issued by the American Bible Society (1995), is simple to read, since it is designed for young readers and adults lacking English skills. In contrast to “literal” versions it is a thought-for-thought translation. While not without challenges, the biggest issue is that at times it interprets instead of translating. Nevertheless, due to its appeal to families, this version was improved and evolved into the NCV. Here we have on the upside – faithfulness to the original and clarity in vocabulary. It is a useful text for beginners, young adults and families, and as such different from most other versions.

The NLT (1996 and revised in 2004) is among the best paraphrase versions available, due to its clarity, accuracy and especially its readability. It also stands out, due to its high level of evangelical scholarship and is a top contender in the “functional” category. While it is easy to read, or be read out loud, it is at times less reliable, due to the uncertainty what a Greek or Hebrew word and phrase means in its original context. In essence, that is why paraphrased versions are not the same as translations. (For a helpful See for “literal” versus “functional” (readable) Bible versions, see Klein William W, Craig L Blomberg and Robert L Hubbard. 2017. Introduction to Biblical Interpretation, Third ed. Grand Rapids Michigan: Zondervan, p. 196).

So, what are we to make of all this? As seen, the different categories of Bible translations and paraphrases, pose their own unique challenges. The versions discussed here are legitimate, since they do not alter the core Bible-based, Christ-centred truth that is foundational for a serious reader. It should be mentioned that there are non-Christian versions in existence, which have been altered or recrafted by cults, or other heretical factions who deny Jesus Christ as God in the flesh. Some, even go so far as to present or discuss an aforementioned legitimate version, yet are deceptive in that they then “pull out” their own man-made ‘true’ version of their own. Such practices may not be immediately apparent, but must be avoided.

Back to the Good News! With all of the versions available, how can a person proceed here? It really depends on what the purpose is. Thus, if I am a newcomer to the Bible, why not compare several legitimate versions online (using a free tool such as Bible Hub) reading the same verse(s) in different versions, and even an entire chapter, e.g. John 3? To scan a large segment of Scripture, the HCSB or NIV may be best. To get started or read God’s Word together aloud, the NLT is good. For a close study of the Bible the KJV, NASB and ESV can help. At times, a combination of Bibles may be the best option to prayerfully engage or absorb Scripture and understand it better, e.g. NASB, ESV and NLT together. All this should be guided by its specific use. Lastly, for those who are looking for an alternative or companion text to the KJV, the New Cambridge Paragraph Bible (NCPB) issued in 2005 can help.

Always remember, the best Bible, is an open Bible!

Amen.

Where to go from here?

For further reading and study

Wegner, Paul D. The Journey from Texts to Translations: The Origin and Development

of the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 1999.

Fee, Gordon D. and Mark L Strauss. How to Choose a Translation for All Its Worth: A

Guide to Understanding and Using Bible Versions. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan,

2007.

Norton, David. The King James Bible: A Short History from Tyndale to Today.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

Klein, William W. Craig L. Blomberg and Robert L Hubbard. Introduction to Biblical

Interpretation. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2017.

Boa, Kenneth. “Bible Companion Handbook.” Accessed March 7, 2023.

https://bible.org/series/bible-companion-handbook

Other Bible translations:

Norton David. The New Cambridge Paragraph Bible with the Apocrypha: King James

Version. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Van Dyke Translation Online (Arabic)

https://www.arabicbible.com/for-christians/the-bible/149-van-dyke-translation-online.html

Lutherbibel 1984 (German)

https://www.die-bibel.de/bibeln/online-bibeln/lesen/LU84/GEN.1/1.-Mose-1

Neues Leben – Die Bibel (2020) (German)

https://www.bibleserver.com/NLB/1.Mose1

Amen.

Posted on August 28, 2023September 5, 2023 by Bible-based & Christ-centred

What are other approaches to study the Bible?

What are Other Approaches to Study the Bible?

The Bible is God’s revealed testimony to mankind. Here we encounter His divine plan for all people who turn to Him for redemption through Jesus Christ and His atoning work on the cross. God’s Word is a manifestation of His divine love and grace, as He reveals His heart and mind to human beings. He does this along with His unfolding sovereign plan, purpose and timing in all of history, the present and the future.

While there are many ways to approach Scripture, there is no single unique method that can be used to understand God’s revealed will. Why? The reason for this is that the Bible is not only unique in its complexity – provided we are dealing with the divine nature of a fully personal God, who desires a personal relationship with all people, no matter who it is. As such, only the Bible reveals God’s divine plan of salvation – in and through Jesus Christ – in order to provide eternal security, as manifested in and through the work of the Holy Spirit. It is this Third Person of the Trinity that draws us near to God, and He does this through us, as we read and study the Bible.

So, while there are numerous approaches and methods in existence, not all of them are viable. In this article, we are exploring some – which are all both, Bible-based and Christ-centred, and can be used in various settings (individual and group study). In that way, we can engage, unravel and discern God’s personal plan for our lives. The purpose of this article is to outline several helpful approaches – in two parts – that can assist any person, who is serious about studying the Bible.

Before beginning any Bible study, it is crucial that we designate specific and purposeful quiet time – involving a place, plan and prayer. As we set our hearts and minds on God’s Word, which (as mentioned) reveals His divine nature and will (Isaiah 55:8-9) – we must make a commitment, set goals and dedicate quality time, in order to facilitate and accomplish a fruitful Bible study. Hereby, the place should be as quiet as possible, free of any noise, distractions or other hinderances (1) that may interrupt studying. Likewise, having a plan is important, in order that we can utilize our God-given time to the utmost. Reading and studying the Bible should never be an afterthought, but rather be our number one daily priority, since then and only then, will we be able to learn, understand and grow in our knowledge of Scripture – and more importantly, also be able to grow in our personal relationship with Christ. So once we have all this in place, along with a good Bible translation, e.g. NASB, NKJV, ESV, or a paraphrase such as NLT, we are always wise to surrender ourselves to Jesus in prayer, before beginning. Here is a short prayer that can help us and may be used like this:

Dear Lord Jesus,

I (we) come to you in prayer and thanksgiving,

asking you to help, guide and direct me (us),

in reading, studying and learning your Word,

through the Person and Power of the Holy Spirit.

Please help me (us) to understand your Word,

and also help me (us) grow in my (our) personal relationship with you.

Thank you for your help.

In Jesus Name I (we) pray. Amen.

In this segment, we are considering a common biblical study approach – called inductive Bible study. At the centre of this method are four parts: Observation, context, interpretation (exegesis) and application – see Appendix A on how to put it all together (2).

This approach is beneficial in that it can be used for any part of the Bible, and can be utilized as a basis – as needed – in conjunction with other methods. Every observation begins with asking the questions: Who?, What?, When?, Where?, Why?, and How? The initial observation is very important and requires time as well as effort, yet done in a focused manner, along with considering the author (who at times is unknown) and especially the socio-cultural background, helps to establish a basic preliminary context. This leads to the critical explanation or interpretation of the biblical text (exegesis) which requires care and additional tools (such as commentaries, concordances, Bible dictionaries or study guides) – see additional references for proper biblical interpretation (3), avoiding exegetical mistakes (4), doing theology well (5) – and see Appendix B on how to conduct a more advanced biblical exegesis (6). The application requires prayerful insight and guidance of the Holy Spirit, whom we must always consult first. As He speaks into our heart, we may consider how a passage applies to our life and the lives of others. Based on what we learn the key is to ask – How will we respond? What does God want me to do differently based on my study?

Keeping the inductive approach in mind – as basic point of departure – in this second and final segment, we are looking at other viable ways to explore and study the Bible. Hereby, building on the inductive strategy, we can study the Bible book-by-book (7). This makes sense in that we can move from the Old Testament (OT) to the New Testament (NT) and its complete narrative. As such, we can get a better grasp on the entire biblical story, learning about God’s revealed will and testimony in the Bible: Creation, Fall, Redemption and Consummation. Studying in that way (from Genesis to Revelation), we become aware of who and what the Bible is about, namely Jesus Christ and His atoning work on the cross on our behalf.

Hereby, the books to study in the OT can be grouped into the narrative of Israel (Genesis to Esther), the writings of Israel (Job to Lamentations) and Israel’s prophets (Isaiah to Malachi). The redemption of mankind and God’s plan for salvation as prophesying about Christ, lead us into the NT with His arrival in the gospels and the beginning of the Christian church in Acts. The Epistles and Revelation expand upon God’s redemption and point to the consummation of His eternal plan at the second coming of Christ. So, in order to understand and grasp the magnitude of God’s divine plan, we may opt to study the 66 books of the Bible in chronological order (as far as can be discerned) as an alternative to the common evangelical arrangement of the books.

With this, we can creatively expand and explore the Bible utilizing additional approaches (8) such as verse-by-verse, chapter-by-chapter, thematically, topically and biographically – see Appendix C for recommended Bible study tools. There is virtually an unlimited way of combining different methods in order to prepare a regular, consistent and guided approach, to help us engage God’s Word on a daily basis, making a commitment that will help a person (and even a group of people) to grow in understanding Scripture and developing in a personal relationship with Jesus Christ. Thereby, we are getting ready for missional, evangelical, discipleship or other God-given forms of ministry, fulfilling the Great Commission (Matthew 28:18-20).

In conclusion, as we have seen, there are numerous ways to study and engage the Bible. Several approaches may be better suited for some, while others may benefit from different ones. Also, some approaches can be more fruitful for individual study, while others may be best for group study. Regardless of the methods – what should be first – is the purposefulness of every study by establishing a regular time, quiet place, having a plan and always starting with prayer. The more time we dedicate to Bible study, the more we will grow in our personal relationship with Christ, along with following the promptings and guidance of the Holy Spirit. With His help we can mature in our Christian walk of faith, listen for God’s voice speaking into our hearts and working in and through us in ways we may never have imagined.

Remember, God desires a relationship with us more than we do, since He is a personal God and loves us in ways we cannot fully understand. Hereby, the most direct way God speaks to us is through the Bible, which is His Word along with the Holy Spirit leading us into a growing a relationship with Jesus Christ. So, lastly, keep in mind that God desires all people to come to Him (Ezekiel 18:23; 1 Timothy 2:4; 2 Peter 3:9) in repentance and receive His divine grace, mercy and eternal salvation. As such, regardless of what approach(es) you select to study, the most important thing is that you open and read the Bible. This is not an attempt to earn your salvation by good deeds, which does not work (since the Bible tells us this in Ephesians 2:8-9), but rather the outworking of a repentant, humble and surrendered heart bent toward God. Open the Bible and your heart, as you ask and welcome Jesus Christ into your life, and see what He does. One thing is certain, He will never leave you, nor forsake you (Deuteronomy 31:6; Hebrews 13:5). May God bless you, your Bible study and help you grow in Christ. Amen.

Notes

(1) Brown, Gregory. “Lesson 10: The Bible Is Unique In How You Study It–Hindrances To Studying Scripture.” Accessed April 28, 2023.

https://bible.org/seriespage/lesson-10-bible-unique-how-you-study-it-hindrances-studying-scripture

(2) Adapted from Arthur, Kay. How to Study Your Bible. Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 2010. (p.22). Adapted from Sproul, R. C. Knowing Scripture. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Press, 2016. pp. 49-50.

(3) Davis, James. “Lesson 6: Principles of Biblical Interpretation.” Accessed April 28, 2023. https://bible.org/seriespage/lesson-6-principles-biblical-interpretation

(4) Barrick, William D. “Exegetical Fallacies: Common Interpretative Mistakes Every Student Must Avoid.” Accessed April 28, 2023. https://drbarrick.org/files/papers/other/tmsj19a.pdf

(5) Carson, D. A. “How to Read the Bible and Do Theology Well.” Accessed April 28, 2023. https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/the-bible-and-theology-don-carson-nivzsb/

(6) Adapted from Blomberg, Craig. A Handbook of New Testament Exegesis. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2010. pp. 269-283.

(7) Fee Gordon D and Douglas K Stuart. How to Read the Bible Book by Book: A Guided Tour. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2002.

(8) Warren, Rick. Dynamic Bible Study Methods: 12 Approaches to Searching the Scriptures. Wheaton, IL: Victor, 1981.

Appendix A

Putting it All together (Inductive Approach)

I. The text (pre-Observation & Observation)

a. pre-Observation

i. Select a passage to study.

1. Who is the author of the passage?

2. What is the socio-cultural background of the author?

3. Read the passage over in several translations (Note discrepancies in translations)

4. Use 1., 2. and 3. to help establish the context (II.)

b. Observation (What does the passage say?)

i. Ask questions to establish as many facts as possible:

1. Who wrote it? Who said it? Who are the main characters? To whom is the author speaking? About whom is the author speaking?

2. What are the key events? What are the major ideas? What are the major teachings? What are these people like? What does he talk about the most? What is his reason in saying that?

3. When was it written? When did this event occur? When will it happen? When did he say it? When did he do it?

4. Where was this done? Where was this spoken? Where will it occur?

5. Why was there a necessity for this to be written? Why was this stated? Why was so much or so little space devoted to this specific teaching or event? Why was this reference quoted? Why should they do or say something like this?

6. How is it done? How did it occur? How is this truth explained?

ii. Record the following:

Questions or problems that arise, as you ask above 5W and 1H questions:

iii. Parallel or related passages that come to mind:

Adapted from Arthur, Kay. How to Study Your Bible. Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 2010. (p.22).

II. The Context

(Every text has a context and the interpretation is dependent on identifying the context.)

a. Where does the text start and where does it end?

i. Starts

ii. Ends

b. What comes before and what comes after the text? What, if any, impact might this have upon the interpretation and analysis?

i. Paragraphs before and after?

ii. Chapters before and after?

iii. Books before and after (position within the biblical canon)?

c. What is the historical context of the passage? (Use a Bible Dictionary, the Introduction to a commentary, or the Introduction to the particular book in a study Bible.)

i. Where does it fit in biblical history?

ii. What were the prevailing political, social and economic conditions behind the passage? (This step could be done more thoroughly outside of class.)

iii. Who wrote the passage?

iv. Why was it written?

v. To whom was it written?

d. What is the literary context of the passage? Consider genre – Does it occur in an historical narrative, wisdom literature, Gospel, letter, or poetic book?

III. Interpreting the text (exegesis)

a. Note important grammatical features—questions, statements, commands, etc.

identify key words and phrases.

c. Do word studies (See Appendix B, under Word Studies).

d. Theological issues

i. What does the text tell us about God?

ii. What does it tell us about mankind?

iii. What questions or problems does the passage raise or answer?

IV. Applying the text

a. Read different legitimate commentaries.

i. Where do the commentators agree or disagree? ii. Where do you agree or disagree with the commentators? Make any adjustments in your interpretation.

b. Think through applications.

i. To whom does the text apply? All people of all times or specific groups?

ii. What in the text does not apply to twentieth century hearers? iii. What in the text does apply?

iv. To what areas of life should the text be applied?

c. My personal responses:

ii.

Adapted from Sproul, R. C. Knowing Scripture. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Press, 2016. pp. 49-50.

Appendix B

Checklist for Biblical Exegesis

Textual Criticism

List any important textual variations worth studying. Examine the external evidence for every reading.

__ Select the reading with the best support (based on combining age, reliability, and quantity of manuscripts).

Look at the internal evidence for each reading.

__ Identify the transcriptional evidence (which readings are more likely to have scribal modifications).

__ Identify inherent evidence (readings the original author plausibly wrote).

__ Select the reading most likely to have initiated the others.

Translation and Translations

Translate the text.

__ For a literal translation, seek formal equivalence or use the NASB, NRSV, or ESV.

__ For a fluent and understandable translation goal aim for dynamic equivalence, or use the NLT, or GNT.

Historical-Cultural Context

List the author, date, audience, location and circumstances of the author, location of audience, and circumstances of audience for your passage.

List and explore central concepts in your passage that will be meaningfully clarified by further recognizing ancient Jewish and/or Greco-Roman culture and history.

Literary Context

Read the passages immediately preceding and following your passage.

Assess how they influence the interpretation of the text. Devise a likely outline of the entire biblical book.

__ Locate your passage along with its immediate context in the book’s overall narrative flow to determine other implications for interpreting your passage.

Note any figures of speech, other literary devices that have an interpretative impact.

__ Use narrative criticism for your passage, if needed to explain plot, portrayal, narrative time, climax, and others.

Word Studies

Isolate uncommon, controversial, or theologically significant words.

Determine the meaning of each word.

__ Consider the Septuagint, classical Greek, Hellenistic or Koine Greek, and the New Testament.

__ If a word is used repeatedly in the author or book under scrutiny, pay special attention to these usages.

Choose the meaning that best fits in the context of your passage for each word.

Grammar

Identify uncommon, controversial, or theologically vital grammatical constructions.

List the solution range to each suggested by grammarians, commentators, etc.

Assess the arguments for and against the alternatives in order to isolate the most probable categorizations within the immediate contexts.

Interpretive Problems

Articulate the remaining, more artificial, exegetical difficulties.

Establish which combination of the above steps permits a solution to each of these issues, and engage exegetical study, as necessitated.

Narrow down a preferred solution by process of elimination with several plausible solutions remaining.

__ Look for the most settled, plain exegetical decisions in order to omit less likely options.

Create a probable order for the remaining options, if a straightforward answer is not available.

Outlining

Identify the amount and location of complete sentences within your passage.

Use every sentence as the key point of an outline.

__ If more than one sentence exists, representing a main outline point, you can sort these thematically, chronologically, or episodically. Using subdivisions, move to the individual sentence level.

__ If there are not enough sentences to uniquely represent a main outline point, sub-segment them by their natural divisions, or multiple sentences. Isolate key sentence parts organized around independent clauses, then dependent clauses or prepositional phrases.

__ Subdivide in accordance with natural sentence divisions.

__ Separate where sentences form independent clauses, and at the level for dependent clauses or prepositional phrases.

Write the key points and subpoints in your own words, include applicable verses found in each part.

Theology

List and group systematic theology types relevant to your passage.

Verbalize what your text contributes to an understanding of each of the doctrines on which it touches.

If obvious contradictions with other biblical passages emerge, reconsider your understanding of the text and of the other passages, if needed.

__ Review a cross section of scholarly solutions to the apparent contradiction.

__ Alter your systematic theological combination that best resolves the problems.

Application

Establish the application(s) of your text as was originally intended. If an application is unclear, given a different contemporary context, find and resort to the cross-cultural theological principle(s) on which each application is based.

__ Do not exceed the level of abstraction, beyond the need of uncovering these principles. If possible, using cross-cultural principles, identify applications, that converge with the matching aims of the applications initially sought.

Adapted from Blomberg, Craig. A Handbook of New Testament Exegesis. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2010. pp. 269-283.

Appendix C

Essential Research Tools for the Whole Bible

1. Five good Bible translations (KJV, NASB, ESV, NRSV, NIV).

2. An analytical concordance, e.g. Young’s concordance.

3. New Bible Dictionary.

4. New Dictionary of Biblical Theology.

5. A Bible Atlas, e.g. The New Moody Atlas of the Bible (2009); Zondervan Atlas of the Bible by Rasmussen (rev. 2010).

6. Geerhardus Vos’s Biblical Theology is outstanding.

7. Anchor Bible Dictionary (1992) for more scholarly research.

8. Vanhoozer, Is There a Meaning in this Text? [JETS 12/01; JBL Fall 01], for contemporary literary theory and the denial of definitive textual meaning.

9. Klein-Blomberg-Hubbard, Introduction to Biblical Interpretation (2004).

10. Vanhoozer, ed. Dictionary for Theological Interpretation of the Bible, ed.

11. Zondervan Dictionary of Biblical Imagery, ed. John Beck (2011), or Dictionary of Biblical Imagery, eds. Leland Ryken et al. (IVP, 1998) (optional).

Adapted from Evans, John F. A Guide to Biblical Commentaries and Reference Works: 10th Edition. Vol. 10th edition. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Academic, 2016. (p.469)

References

Arthur, Kay. How to Study Your Bible. Eugene, OR: Harvest House, 2010. (p.22).

Barrick, William D. “Exegetical Fallacies: Common Interpretative Mistakes Every Student Must Avoid.” Accessed April 28, 2023. https://drbarrick.org/files/papers/other/tmsj19a.pdf

Blomberg, Craig. A Handbook of New Testament Exegesis. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2010. pp. 269-283.

Brown, Gregory. “Lesson 10: The Bible Is Unique In How You Study It–Hindrances To Studying Scripture.” Accessed April 28, 2023.

https://bible.org/seriespage/lesson-10-bible-unique-how-you-study-it-hindrances-studying-scripture

Carson, D. A. “How to Read the Bible and Do Theology Well.” Accessed April 28, 2023. https://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/the-bible-and-theology-don-carson-nivzsb/

Davis, James. “Lesson 6: Principles of Biblical Interpretation.” Accessed April 28, 2023. https://bible.org/seriespage/lesson-6-principles-biblical-interpretation

Evans, John F. A Guide to Biblical Commentaries and Reference Works: 10th Edition. Vol. 10th edition. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Academic, 2016. (p.469)

Sproul, R. C. Knowing Scripture. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Press, 2016. pp. 49-50.

For Further Study

Blomberg, Craig. A Handbook of New Testament Exegesis. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 2010.

Fee Gordon D and Douglas K Stuart. How to read the Bible for all its worth: a guide to understanding the Bible. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 1982. Accessed April 28,2023.

https://archive.org/details/howtoreadbiblefo00feeg

Fee Gordon D and Douglas K Stuart. How to Read the Bible Book by Book: A Guided Tour. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2002. Accessed April 28,2023.

https://archive.org/details/howtoreadbiblebo0000feeg

Sproul, R. C. Knowing Scripture. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Press, 2016. pp. 49-50.

https://archive.org/details/knowingscripture0000spro

Stewart, Don. “How Should We Go about Studying the Bible?” Accessed April 28,2023.

https://www.blueletterbible.org/faq/don_stewart/don_stewart_542.cfm

Walsh, John. “All the Stories of the Bible.” Accessed April 28,2023.

https://bible.org/series/all-stories-bible

Warren, Rick. Dynamic Bible Study Methods: 12 Approaches to Searching the Scriptures. Wheaton, IL: Victor, 1981. Accessed April 28,2023.

https://archive.org/details/dynamicbiblestud0000warr

AMEN.

Posted on August 28, 2023September 5, 2023 by Bible-based & Christ-centred

A Guide to the Best Biblical Commentaries and Reference Works

A Short Guide to the Best Biblical Commentaries and Reference Works

Preliminary Thoughts

This short guide is designed to help people in pastoral ministry and evangelism (1). While there are vast amounts of Bible commentaries and reference works available, not all are adequate to further personal understanding and growth in Scripture. One of the main reasons for this is that many such sources today do not hold to biblical inerrancy. Inerrancy means that the original writings of Scripture are free of error and do not contain any internal contradictions. This sets the standard for the sources referenced here, which are offset from critical theological approaches and positions, emanating from historical criticism (‘higher criticism’) such as self-labelled and so-called ‘egalitarianism,’ and ‘liberalism.’

While many sources dealt with in this article are older, such as Calvin’s commentary – they have in common, that they maintain aforementioned standard, and do not challenge God’s Word in any way. Therefore, they are essential and effective for a vast number of tasks, such as systematic theology, biblical theology, apologetics, homiletics, applied theology and evangelism. What makes them to be of quality is that they are Bible-based and Christ-centred, without compromising God’s Word.

Jesus is absolute truth (John 14:6; 15:5) and the Bible with its inerrancy is the solid foundation believers must build upon, in reverence and God-fearing devotion to our Lord. Our Lord tells us this Himself: “as Jesus said to them, ‘Did you never read in the Scriptures, ‘A STONE WHICH THE BUILDERS REJECTED, THIS HAS BECOME THE CHIEF CORNERSTONE; THIS CAME ABOUT FROM THE LORD, AND IT IS MARVELOUS IN YOUR EYES?’” (Matthew 21:42). Likewise, Jesus confirms our call to reverence for His Word, stating: “Heaven and earth will disappear, but my Words will not pass away.” (Matthew 24:35).

In light of this, may these resources bless you and your work, which you are doing as unto the Lord, and help you in your ministry, evangelism and your own personal relationship, as you develop and grow in Christ. Amen.

Note: That the resources listed here (at this time – April 2023) are legally freely accessible at the Internet Archive (Digital Library of Free & Borrowable Books) and (Fully free, no credit card needed) at: https://archive.org

Internet Archive is a non-profit library of millions of free books, movies, software, music, websites, and more.

Old Testament Commentaries

GENESIS

★ Hamilton, Victor P. (NICOT) 2 vols., 1989– 95. Hamilton’s Handbook on the Pentateuch (1982, 2nd ed. 2005),

provides a survey with solid insights into exegetical details, foremost philology, semantics and syntax.

Helpful to students and pastors, who have an academic inclination. Well-written, and evangelistic in outlook.

Handbook on the Pentateuch: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy

by Hamilton, Victor P. 1982.

https://archive.org/details/handbookonpentat0000hami

★ Hamilton, Victor P. The Book of Genesis, Chapters I-17. This commentary ranks among the best –

in contemporary evangelical scholarship. It holds to biblical infallibility, authority and is well-researched.

Nevertheless, the structural analysis of Genesis, relating to “toldedoths,” is inconclusive.

A similar challenge can be found in the author’s dealings with the composition of Genesis.

However, these issues do not undermine the overall Bible-based, Christ-centred momentum here.

The book of Genesis : chapters 1-17 by Hamilton, Victor P. 1992.

https://archive.org/details/bookofgenesischa0008hami_i0o4

★ Wenham, Gordon J. (WBC) 2 vols., 1987 – 94. An effective and desirable exegetical

reference, with almost 900pp. including the introductions. Here we have an excellent evangelical

commentary that covers virtually all interpretative details. The narrative structure is well-

analyzed, with sound theology, in tandem with an outstanding discourse on the Hebrew text.

Genesis 1-15, Volume 1 by Wenham, Gordon J. 2017.

https://archive.org/details/genesis1150001wenh_d0r9

Genesis. 16-50 by Wenham, Gordon J, 2015.

https://archive.org/details/genesis16500002wenh

EXODUS

★ Enns, Peter. (NIVAC) 2000. A full treatment at 600pp. Enns spent much time with

Exodus in his Harvard doctoral research. Good exegesis, with theological themes,

establishing relevant application. An annotated bibliography complements this resource.

Exodus by Enns, Peter, 2000.

https://archive.org/details/exodus0000enns

LEVITICUS

★ Hartley, John. (WBC) 1992. With a complete discussion of Leviticus, and a highly

detailed Hebrew exegesis, this resource also combines different critical trends on

the study of the Pentateuch. Overall, a conservative take, which can help a more

academically inclined pastor and evangelist.

Leviticus by Hartley, John E.

https://archive.org/details/leviticus0004hart

NUMBERS

★ Ashley, Timothy R. (NICOT) 1993. This vast commentary (650pp.) focuses on the Hebrew

text in great detail, along with good theological scrutiny and insights.

The book of Numbers by Ashley, Timothy R.

https://archive.org/details/bookofnumbers0000ashl

★ Wenham, Gordon J. (TOTC) 1981. High readability and keen insights are the major strengths of this

commentary. Evangelical pastors will benefit from this resource.

Numbers : an introduction and commentary by Wenham, Gordon J.

https://archive.org/details/numbersintroduct0000wenh

DEUTERONOMY

★ Block, Daniel I. (NIVAC) 2012. Good scholarly work with useful exegetical insights.

The commentary is both accessible to students, as well as seasoned preachers. While there

are some interpretative challenges, such as “viewing

Moses’s chief role as “pastor” to the nation and not seeing in 18:15, ultimately at

least, an anticipation of Christ (cf. Acts 3:22),” (Evans) it remains a valuable resource.

As it stands, this is a top first-choice on Deuteronomoy.

Deuteronomy by Block, Daniel Isaac.

https://archive.org/details/deuteronomy0000bloc

JOSHUA

★ Butler, Trent C. (WBC) 2 vols., 2nd ed. 2014. Erudite. The 1983 edition (310pp.) provided

more attention to archaeological findings. While some exegetical challenges exist, the major downside is the late

dating of this biblical text. The author offsets this, however, by many strengths, such as discussions on Hebrew,

aimed at scholarly pastors. Superb bibliographies.

Joshua by Butler, Trent C.

https://archive.org/details/joshua0007butl

JUDGES

★ Webb, Barry G. (NICOT) 2012.

This resource builds on the author’s dissertation, and excels in exegesis,

narratological discussion, and theological interpretation. The emphasis is not on

historical questions and, thereby, not extensive or meticulous. With evangelical

scholars improving Judges research, an extensive and challenging discourse can be found

in “The Wars of Judges as Christian Scripture,” RTR 67.1 (2008): 18 – 28.

The Book of Judges by Webb, Barry G.

https://archive.org/details/job121interpreta0000seow

RUTH

★ Hubbard, Robert L. (NICOT) 1988. This resource is among the best of its kind, with (316pp.)

Ever since it was published. Any pastor or evangelical person will have all they need

On Ruth, due to the author’s detailed and well-crafted commentary. The bibliography

draws on older resources which may pose a challenge for additional research.

The book of Ruth by Hubbard, Robert L., Jr.,

https://archive.org/details/bookofruth0000hubb

SAMUEL

★ Bergen, Robert D. (NAC) 1996. Bergen’s commentary (512pp.) is a top recommended resource.

This is due to the fact that is readable, balanced and provides good detail on literary, historical,

and theological issues. Bergen employs discourse analysis, and also is editor of a book dealing with

the areas of Biblical Hebrew and Discourse Linguistics (1994).

1, 2 Samuel by Bergen, Robert D

https://archive.org/details/12samuel0000berg

KINGS

★ House, Paul. (NAC) 1995. Aimed at conservative readers and evangelicals, this commentary

is well-balanced, exegetically and theologically detailed. A valuable resource.

1, 2 Kings by House, Paul R.

https://archive.org/details/12kings0000hous

CHRONICLES

★ Dillard, Raymond. 2 Chronicles (WBC) 1987. Dillard’s commentary exemplifies

good OT scholarship. While the interpretation of theology is at times creative, this

is not a drawback, since the author is steadfast maintaining inerrancy. For both, scholars

and pastors this is an excellent choice.

2 Chronicles by Dillard, Raymond Bryan

https://archive.org/details/2chronicles0015dill

★ Selman, Martin J. (TOTC) 2 vols., 1994. This work belongs into any pastor’s library, since

with over 500pp. it provides everything needed on both books of Chronicles. The emphasis

is on theology, and it is as such well-versed, holding tightly to a conservative view.

1 Chronicles : an introduction and commentary by Selman, Martin J.,

https://archive.org/details/1chroniclesintro0000selm

2 Chronicles : a commentary by Selman, Martin J.

https://archive.org/details/2chroniclescomme0000selm

EZRA – NEHEMIAH

★ McConville, J. G. Ezra, Nehemiah, Esther (DSB) 1985. What makes this resource stand out is its

meticulous scholarship. The commentary provides a helpful devotional exposition. A little gem with

its own appealing idiosyncrasies.

Ezra, Nehemiah and Esther by McConville, J. G. (J. Gordon).

https://archive.org/details/ezranehemiahesth0000mcco

ESTHER

★ Jobes, Karen H. (NIVAC) 1999. Jobes resource builds on her dissertation of the Septuagint,

and her inclination is to improve scholarship on Esther, since it has been frequently ignored.

The emphasis is on application and theology, including a vast amount of exegesis. A great primer

for pastors and teachers.

Esther by Jobes, Karen H

https://archive.org/details/esther0000jobe

JOB

★ Hartley, John. (NICOT) 1988. Hartley’s commentary is extensive (550pp.) and focuses

on the theology and literary characteristics of Job. Text critical challenges are addressed, yet

this resource maintains a conservative approach, which is appreciated. Despite the vast amount

of scholarship on this OT book, this resource ranks among the best evangelical sources to date.

The book of Job by Hartley, John E.

https://archive.org/details/bookofjob0000hart

PSALMS

★ Wilson, Gerald H. Psalms Volume 1 (NIVAC) 2002. With an emphasis on exegesis, instead

of academic scholarship, this work covering Psalms 1 to 72, provides a solid basis for studying

the Psalter. Anyone engaged in evangelical exposition should benefit from this work.

Psalms by Gerald Henry Wilson.

https://archive.org/details/psalmsfrombiblic00wils

PROVERBS

★ Longman, Tremper, III. (BCOT) 2006. Longman’s How to Read Proverbs (2002) [RelSRev 7/03; CTJ 11/04],

is highly readable. It provides a detailed introduction and hermeneutical guide. It is guided by excellent scholarship,

and emphasizes the theology and ethics of Proverbs, making it ideal for pastors, since it covers a range of topics found.

in the biblical text.

How to read Proverbs by Longman, Tremper.

https://archive.org/details/howtoreadproverb0000long

★ Waltke, Bruce. (NICOT) 2 vols., 2004– 05. Waltke did it. This commentary is by far the very best

resource on Proverbs currently available. It emphasis theology and is unswervingly conservative. The

onus is on Hebrew grammar, and meticulously discusses the Hebrew text. Well-balanced resource

making it a good choice for students and pastors. For an inspiring example of how Waltke

sees the wisdom of Proverbs applied to our cultural context, see “Righteousness in

Proverbs” in WTJ 70.2 (2008). [RTR 12/06; WTJ Spr 06; CBQ 4/08; JTS 4/06; JETS 9/05, 6/06; Int

4/06; BSac 10/06; BL 2005, 2006; JAOS 126.1 (harsh); VT 57.3; RBL; JHebS; CurTM 6/07]

The book of Proverbs by Waltke, Bruce K.

https://archive.org/details/bookofproverbs0001walt

★ Kidner, Derek. Kidner’s book is not really a commentary, but rather a compilation

of verse-by-verse textual notes. Proverbs is a book full of wisdom, and yet demands the reader

to use and apply God-given wisdom. Useful study aids are included, such as a guide to subjects.

This is resource may not be a first choice for a preacher, since it is geared at a more general

readership.

The Proverbs: An introduction and commentary by the Rev. Derek Kidner

https://archive.org/details/proverbsintroduc0000revd

ECCLESIASTES

★ Hubbard, David A. While Hubbard’s Ecclesiastes-Song of Solomon (WCC) 1993, is helpful,

this smaller book is full of good insights. It is not a commentary as such, but provides a solid

start for both student and pastor.

Beyond futility: Messages of hope from the Book of Ecclesiastes by Hubbard, David Allan.

https://archive.org/details/beyondfutilityme0000hubb

SONG OF SONGS

★ Hess, Richard S. (BCOT) 2005. A well-written conception and careful evangelical scholarship.

The book considers other essential scholarly work, and also provides helpful discernment on

archeological, Semitic and cultural topics. A solid resource overall.

Song of Songs by Hess, Richard S.

https://archive.org/details/songofsongs0000hess

ISAIAH

★ Childs, Brevard S. (OTL) 2001. While this work stands as a key interpretation, there remain

exegetical issues, since not all of this work is conservative. However, despite these challenges,

arising from redaction criticism, and lack of theological depth, it does have value for students.

Primarily, this is because of the helpful bibliography and historical interpretation.

In sum, this may not be the best first choice on Isaiah, and Motyer (see below) is far better.

Isaiah by Childs, Brevard S.

https://archive.org/details/isaiah0000chil

★ Motyer, J. Alec. 1993. Motyer’s commentary stands out for its exposition and exegesis.

It is at this time the best monograph on Isaiah. Evangelicals can appreciate it for not yielding

to critical challenges about authorial issues. Motyer can be considered a reliable specialist on

Isaiah and this comes through in structural analysis, remarks on theology and Christocentricity.

This is the best first choice on Isaiah by far.

Isaiah: an introduction and commentary by Motyer, J. A.

https://archive.org/details/isaiahintroducti0000moty

★ Oswalt, John. (NICOT) 2 vols., 1986 – 98. For those who are seeking a foundational

conservative approach, Oswalt combines skilled scholarship in analysing grammar,

and aspects of textual criticism. He highlights the core theological points in Isaiah well.

The Book of Isaiah. Chapters 1-39 by Oswalt, John N.

https://archive.org/details/bookofisaiahchap0000oswa

JEREMIAH

★ Thompson, J. A. (NICOT) 1980. While the theological discourse could have been longer,

the introduction compensates for this. The discussion on historical characteristics is solid.

Recommended for conservative evangelicals, pastors and theologians.

The book of Jeremiah by Thompson, J. A. (John Arthur).

https://archive.org/details/bookofjeremiah0000thom

LAMENTATIONS

★ Calvin, John. (GS) 1563. Look no further than the Reformer himself for a

solid arrangement of lectures, making this the number one go-to source.

Calvin emphasizes the bleakness and suffering of the Israelites,

as Jeremiah records God’s will for His people.

John Calvin: Commentary on Jeremiah and Lamentations.

https://ccel.org/ccel/calvin/calcom21/calcom21.i.html

★ Lamentations (New Century Bible Commentary) 1991. Provan, who is both a pastor,

and Professor of Biblical Studies, tackles the inherent challenges many experience who

are studying the Lamentations. The commentary focuses on a reader-response to discovering

the meaning of the text, which is a welcome approach. Provan also wrote a good commentary

on 1 and 2 Kings.

Lamentations by Provan, Iain W.

https://archive.org/details/lamentations0000prov

EZEKIEL

★ Block, Daniel. (NICOT) 2 vols., 1997– 98. This commentary is substantial (over 1700pp.).

It covers a wide range of topics, and places the onus on grammar, translation concerns,

and structure. The meticulous exegesis stands out, and while there are elements of rhetorical

and form criticism, they do not undermine the good scholarship at work here. The verse-by-verse

exegesis is a highlight. Academically inclined evangelicals and pastors will benefit here. An

assortment of other articles Block wrote on Ezekiel can be found in two 2013 vols:

By the River Chebar, and Beyond the River Chebar [BBR 24.3;

JSOT 38.5; ExpTim 2/15; RelSRev 6/14].

The Book of Ezekiel by Block, Daniel Isaac.

https://archive.org/details/bookofezekiel0001bloc

DANIEL

★ Baldwin, Joyce G. (TOTC) 1978. Ever since this work appeared, it has been

embraced by both critical and conservative commentators. The latter, into

which category this work falls, is well-established throughout. A good introduction,

helpful theology, and careful exegetical analysis show a keen sense of insight into

this challenging prophet. A solid pick for conservative evangelicals.

Daniel: an introduction and commentary by Baldwin, Joyce G

https://archive.org/details/danielintroducti0000bald

HOSEA

★ Stuart, Douglas. Hosea – Jonah (WBC) 1987. Following in line with Calvin’s views,

and interpretative approach, Stuart provides a stand-out work that is well-balanced.

This resource accentuates a detailed analysis of linguistic, textual and theological evidence.

Superb first-choice for any serious student and pastor.

Hosea-Jonah by Stuart, Douglas K.

https://archive.org/details/hoseajonah0031stua

JOEL

★ Robertson, O. Palmer. The Christ of the prophets stands out.

It is an exceptional study of Old Testament prophecy, with an ample

theological introduction. As an American Christian theologian and biblical scholar,

Robertson has taught at many schools with a Reformed position.

The Christ of the prophets by Robertson, O. Palmer.

https://archive.org/details/christofprophets0000robe

AMOS

★ Garrett, Duane. Hosea, Joel (NAC) 1997. While the level of scholarly aspects

in this work does not reach the benchmark set by AB, WBC and ICC, Garrett does

provide us with an unyielding OT commentary. In contrast to his work found in the

NAC on Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Song of Songs; this one is superior. As such,

this firm resource caters to conservative readers and is a recommended option for

both evangelicals and pastors.

Amos: a handbook on the Hebrew text by Garrett, Duane A.

https://archive.org/details/amoshandbookonhe0000garr

OBADIAH

★ Baker, David W. Joel, Obadiah, Malachi (NIVAC) 2006. As with other commentaries in this series, the

goal is to balance the original meaning with a contemporary application of the biblical text. While Baker

does not excel on the latter, most times he does a great job on dealing with the core passages. Overall, a

viable exposition which meets a need.

Obadiah : an introduction and commentary by Baker, David W.

https://archive.org/details/obadiahintroduct0000bake

JONAH

★ Stuart, Douglas. Hosea – Jonah (WBC) 1987. Following in line with Calvin’s views,

and interpretative approach, Stuart provides a stand-out work that is well-balanced.

This resource accentuates a detailed analysis of linguistic, textual and theological evidence.

Reports of a forthcoming revision by Stuart are available. [JETS 9/92] and provide more

insights. [JBL Spr 92; CBQ 1/93; Int 7/92; JNES 4/95; AsTJ Fall 92].

Good choice for pastors and evangelicals.

Hosea-Jonah by Stuart, Douglas K.

https://archive.org/details/hoseajonah0031stua

MICAH

★ Waltke, Bruce K. A Commentary on Micah, 2007. Waltke wrote three works on Micah.

This is his latest work, and provides the fullest evangelical exegesis available to date.

Grammar, history and Hebrew analysis are what makes this commentary stand out.

A commentary on Micah by Waltke, Bruce K.

https://archive.org/details/commentaryonmica0000walt

NAHUM

★ Robertson, O. Palmer. Nahum, Habakkuk and Zephaniah (NICOT) 1990. This excellent,

unique, triple commentary stands out, due to its theological exposition. The emphasis is not

on grammar or textual criticism, which may be a challenge for students. Robertson places

the prophets in their historical context well. He structures his work in three parts:

Redemptive-Historical Setting, theological perspective and shape of the prophecies.

While recommendable overall, this source may be supplemented with additional commentaries,

for those within a greater academic setting, or those doing more in-depth research.

Helpful, useful and insightful, Robertson provides a solid conservative commentary.

The books of Nahum, Habakkuk, and Zephaniah by Robertson, O. Palmer.

https://archive.org/details/booksofnahumhaba0000robe

HABAKKUK